Infectious diseases are illnesses caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. These diseases can spread directly or indirectly from one individual to another and are a significant concern in public health. For NEET aspirants, understanding common infectious diseases, their causative agents, and symptoms is essential.
The body encounters numerous pathogens regularly, but the immune system usually prevents infections. However, when pathogens successfully invade and multiply, they can cause diseases. Here, we discuss three notable infectious diseases: ringworm, AIDS, and rhinitis.
Cause: Ringworm is a fungal infection caused by dermatophytes — a group of fungi that includes Trichophyton, Epidermophyton, and Microsporum.
Mode of Transmission: It spreads through direct contact with infected individuals, contaminated surfaces, towels, or soil.
Symptoms: Ringworm presents as circular, red, itchy rashes with raised edges, often occurring on the scalp, feet (athlete’s foot), groin (jock itch), or other skin surfaces.
Prevention and Treatment: Maintaining good hygiene, avoiding shared personal items, and using antifungal creams or oral medications are effective ways to treat and prevent ringworm.
Cause: AIDS develops as a result of infection by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which primarily targets and weakens the immune system by destroying CD4+ T lymphocytes.
Mode of Transmission: The virus is transmitted through unprotected sexual contact, contaminated blood transfusions, sharing of needles, and from mother to child during childbirth or breastfeeding.
Symptoms: Early symptoms may include fever, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes. With disease progression, the immune system becomes increasingly compromised, leaving the body susceptible to opportunistic infections and some types of cancer.
Prevention and Management: There is no cure, but antiretroviral therapy (ART) can manage the viral load. Preventive measures include safe sex practices, screening of blood products, and education.
Cause: Rhinitis is the inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes and can be caused by viruses (such as the common cold), allergens, or environmental irritants.
Types:
Symptoms: Common symptoms include sneezing, nasal congestion, runny nose, itching, and postnasal drip.
Prevention and Treatment: Avoiding known allergens, maintaining hygiene, and using antihistamines or decongestants can help manage symptoms. In the case of viral rhinitis, rest and fluids are often recommended.
Understanding infectious diseases, their causes, modes of transmission, and symptoms is vital for effective prevention and treatment. Diseases like ringworm, AIDS, and rhinitis highlight the diversity of pathogens and the importance of personal hygiene, awareness, and medical intervention. This knowledge is crucial not only for exam preparation but also for promoting health and disease prevention in the real world.
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